A herniated disc occurs when the soft inner gel-like center of a spinal disc (called the nucleus pulposus) pushes through a crack or tear in the tougher outer layer (annulus fibrosus). Spinal discs act as cushions between the vertebrae, and when one herniates, it can press on nearby nerves, causing pain, numbness, or weakness. This condition is most common in the lower back (lumbar spine) but can also happen in the neck (cervical spine). Many people describe the pain as sharp or burning, and it often radiates into the legs (sciatica) or arms depending on the disc’s location.
The causes of a herniated disc include age-related disc degeneration, improper lifting, sudden twisting movements, or trauma. In some cases, a person may not even realize they have a herniated disc, as it can be asymptomatic. Diagnosis typically involves a physical exam and imaging tests like an MRI. Treatment can range from conservative methods such as physical therapy, medications, and rest, to more advanced interventions like epidural steroid injections or surgery, if symptoms persist or worsen. Most people improve over time without the need for surgery.